1. 交互式编程
交互式编程不需要创建脚本文件，是通过Python 解释器的交互模式进来编写代码
widows 中打开 cmd 输入 python 启动交互式编程，还可以打开安装 pytyhon安装的命令窗口输入命令，Linux中直接输入 python即可打开。
下面只演示 windows下 cmd的案例
C:\Users>python
Python 3.10.5 (tags/v3.10.5:f377153, Jun 6 2022, 16:14:13) [MSC v.1929 64 bit (AMD64)] on win32
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> print("hello world")
hello world
>>>2. 脚本式编程
新建一个文件后缀为
.py的文件在文件中输入
print("hello world")，保存#!/usr/bin/python print ("hello world")在 系统命令行（注意不是在 Python 解释器的交互模式中）中输入
python XXX.py，即可运行该脚本
3. 中文编码
Python中默认的编码格式是 ASCII 格式，在没修改编码格式时无法正确打印汉字，所以在读取中文时会报错。
解决方法为只要在文件开头加入 # -*- coding: UTF-8 -*- 或者 # coding=utf-8 就行了
#! /usr/bin/python
# coding=utf-8
print("你好，世界")4. 标识符
Python 中标识符由 数字、字母、下划线、中文（一般不用）组成
不能以数字开头
区分大小写
以单下划线开头的标识符一般具有特殊意义。代表的是不能直接被访问的类属性，需要通过类提供的接口进行访问，不能用
from XXX import *导入以双下划线开头的代表的是类的私有成员
以双下划线开头和结尾的代表的是 Python 中特殊方法专用标识，比如
__init__()代表类的构造函数同一行显示多条语句，方法是用
;隔开
5. 保留字符
>>> import sys, keyword
>>> keyword.kwlist
['False', 'None', 'True', 'and', 'as', 'assert', 'async', 'await', 'break', 'class', 'continue', 'def', 'del', 'elif', 'else', 'except', 'finally', 'for', 'from', 'global', 'if', 'import', 'in', 'is', 'lambda', 'nonlocal', 'not', 'or', 'pass', 'raise', 'return', 'try', 'while', 'with', 'yield']6. 行和缩进
Python 的代码块不使用大括号 {} 来控制类，函数以及其他逻辑判断。python 最具特色的就是用缩进来写模块。
缩进的空白数量是可变的，但是所有代码块语句必须包含相同的缩进空白数量，这个必须严格执行。
7. 多行语句
Python语句中一般以新行作为语句的结束符。
但是我们可以使用斜杠（ \）将一行的语句分为多行显示。
total = item_one + \
item_two + \
item_three8. Python 引号
Python 可以使用引号( ' )、双引号( " )、三引号( ''' 或 """ ) 来表示字符串，引号的开始与结束必须是相同类型的。
其中三引号可以由多行组成，编写多行文本的快捷语法，常用于文档字符串，在文件的特定地点，被当做注释。
word = 'word'
sentence = "这是一个句子。"
paragraph = """
这是一个段落。
包含了多个语句
"""9. Python注释
python中单行注释采用 # 开头。
中多行注释使用三个单引号 ''' 或三个双引号 """
# 单行注释
'''
单引号注释
'''
"""
双引号注释
"""10. 空行
函数之间或类的方法之间用空行分隔，表示一段新的代码的开始。类和函数入口之间也用一行空行分隔，以突出函数入口的开始。
空行与代码缩进不同，空行并不是Python语法的一部分。书写时不插入空行，Python解释器运行也不会出错。但是空行的作用在于分隔两段不同功能或含义的代码，便于日后代码的维护或重构。
记住：空行也是程序代码的一部分
11. print 输出
print 默认输出是换行的，如果要实现不换行需要在变量末尾加上逗号 ,
12. 查看参数详情
C:\Users>python -h
usage: python [option] ... [-c cmd | -m mod | file | -] [arg] ...
Options and arguments (and corresponding environment variables):
-b : issue warnings about str(bytes_instance), str(bytearray_instance)
and comparing bytes/bytearray with str. (-bb: issue errors)
-B : don't write .pyc files on import; also PYTHONDONTWRITEBYTECODE=x
-c cmd : program passed in as string (terminates option list)
-d : turn on parser debugging output (for experts only, only works on
debug builds); also PYTHONDEBUG=x
-E : ignore PYTHON* environment variables (such as PYTHONPATH)
-h : print this help message and exit (also -? or --help)
-i : inspect interactively after running script; forces a prompt even
if stdin does not appear to be a terminal; also PYTHONINSPECT=x
-I : isolate Python from the user's environment (implies -E and -s)
-m mod : run library module as a script (terminates option list)
-O : remove assert and __debug__-dependent statements; add .opt-1 before
.pyc extension; also PYTHONOPTIMIZE=x
-OO : do -O changes and also discard docstrings; add .opt-2 before
.pyc extension
-q : don't print version and copyright messages on interactive startup
-s : don't add user site directory to sys.path; also PYTHONNOUSERSITE
-S : don't imply 'import site' on initialization
-u : force the stdout and stderr streams to be unbuffered;
this option has no effect on stdin; also PYTHONUNBUFFERED=x
-v : verbose (trace import statements); also PYTHONVERBOSE=x
can be supplied multiple times to increase verbosity
-V : print the Python version number and exit (also --version)
when given twice, print more information about the build
-W arg : warning control; arg is action:message:category:module:lineno
also PYTHONWARNINGS=arg
-x : skip first line of source, allowing use of non-Unix forms of #!cmd
-X opt : set implementation-specific option. The following options are available:
-X faulthandler: enable faulthandler
-X showrefcount: output the total reference count and number of used
memory blocks when the program finishes or after each statement in the
interactive interpreter. This only works on debug builds
-X tracemalloc: start tracing Python memory allocations using the
tracemalloc module. By default, only the most recent frame is stored in a
traceback of a trace. Use -X tracemalloc=NFRAME to start tracing with a
traceback limit of NFRAME frames
-X importtime: show how long each import takes. It shows module name,
cumulative time (including nested imports) and self time (excluding
nested imports). Note that its output may be broken in multi-threaded
application. Typical usage is python3 -X importtime -c 'import asyncio'
-X dev: enable CPython's "development mode", introducing additional runtime
checks which are too expensive to be enabled by default. Effect of the
developer mode:
* Add default warning filter, as -W default
* Install debug hooks on memory allocators: see the PyMem_SetupDebugHooks()
C function
* Enable the faulthandler module to dump the Python traceback on a crash
* Enable asyncio debug mode
* Set the dev_mode attribute of sys.flags to True
* io.IOBase destructor logs close() exceptions
-X utf8: enable UTF-8 mode for operating system interfaces, overriding the default
locale-aware mode. -X utf8=0 explicitly disables UTF-8 mode (even when it would
otherwise activate automatically)
-X pycache_prefix=PATH: enable writing .pyc files to a parallel tree rooted at the
given directory instead of to the code tree
-X warn_default_encoding: enable opt-in EncodingWarning for 'encoding=None'
--check-hash-based-pycs always|default|never:
control how Python invalidates hash-based .pyc files
file : program read from script file
- : program read from stdin (default; interactive mode if a tty)
arg ...: arguments passed to program in sys.argv[1:]
Other environment variables:
PYTHONSTARTUP: file executed on interactive startup (no default)
PYTHONPATH : ';'-separated list of directories prefixed to the
default module search path. The result is sys.path.
PYTHONHOME : alternate <prefix> directory (or <prefix>;<exec_prefix>).
The default module search path uses <prefix>\python{major}{minor}.
PYTHONPLATLIBDIR : override sys.platlibdir.
PYTHONCASEOK : ignore case in 'import' statements (Windows).
PYTHONUTF8: if set to 1, enable the UTF-8 mode.
PYTHONIOENCODING: Encoding[:errors] used for stdin/stdout/stderr.
PYTHONFAULTHANDLER: dump the Python traceback on fatal errors.
PYTHONHASHSEED: if this variable is set to 'random', a random value is used
to seed the hashes of str and bytes objects. It can also be set to an
integer in the range [0,4294967295] to get hash values with a
predictable seed.
PYTHONMALLOC: set the Python memory allocators and/or install debug hooks
on Python memory allocators. Use PYTHONMALLOC=debug to install debug
hooks.
PYTHONCOERCECLOCALE: if this variable is set to 0, it disables the locale
coercion behavior. Use PYTHONCOERCECLOCALE=warn to request display of
locale coercion and locale compatibility warnings on stderr.
PYTHONBREAKPOINT: if this variable is set to 0, it disables the default
debugger. It can be set to the callable of your debugger of choice.
PYTHONDEVMODE: enable the development mode.
PYTHONPYCACHEPREFIX: root directory for bytecode cache (pyc) files.
PYTHONWARNDEFAULTENCODING: enable opt-in EncodingWarning for 'encoding=None'.