1. pip的作用
pip 是 Python 包管理工具，该工具提供了对Python包的查找、下载、安装、卸载的功能。pip 是一个命令行程序。安装pip后，会向系统添加一个pip命令，该命令可以从命令提示符运行，而不是 python 的命令行中。
$ pip --help
Usage:
pip <command> [options]
Commands:
install Install packages.
download Download packages.
uninstall Uninstall packages.
freeze Output installed packages in requirements format.
inspect Inspect the python environment.
list List installed packages.
show Show information about installed packages.
check Verify installed packages have compatible dependencies.
config Manage local and global configuration.
search Search PyPI for packages.
cache Inspect and manage pip's wheel cache.
index Inspect information available from package indexes.
wheel Build wheels from your requirements.
hash Compute hashes of package archives.
completion A helper command used for command completion.
debug Show information useful for debugging.
help Show help for commands.
General Options:
-h, --help Show help.
--debug Let unhandled exceptions propagate outside the
main subroutine, instead of logging them to
stderr.
--isolated Run pip in an isolated mode, ignoring
environment variables and user configuration.
--require-virtualenv Allow pip to only run in a virtual environment;
exit with an error otherwise.
--python <python> Run pip with the specified Python interpreter.
-v, --verbose Give more output. Option is additive, and can be
used up to 3 times.
-V, --version Show version and exit.
-q, --quiet Give less output. Option is additive, and can be
used up to 3 times (corresponding to WARNING,
ERROR, and CRITICAL logging levels).
--log <path> Path to a verbose appending log.
--no-input Disable prompting for input.
--keyring-provider <keyring_provider>
Enable the credential lookup via the keyring
library if user input is allowed. Specify which
mechanism to use [disabled, import, subprocess].
(default: disabled)
--proxy <proxy> Specify a proxy in the form
scheme://[user:passwd@]proxy.server:port.
--retries <retries> Maximum number of retries each connection should
attempt (default 5 times).
--timeout <sec> Set the socket timeout (default 15 seconds).
--exists-action <action> Default action when a path already exists:
(s)witch, (i)gnore, (w)ipe, (b)ackup, (a)bort.
--trusted-host <hostname> Mark this host or host:port pair as trusted,
even though it does not have valid or any HTTPS.
--cert <path> Path to PEM-encoded CA certificate bundle. If
provided, overrides the default. See 'SSL
Certificate Verification' in pip documentation
for more information.
--client-cert <path> Path to SSL client certificate, a single file
containing the private key and the certificate
in PEM format.
--cache-dir <dir> Store the cache data in <dir>.
--no-cache-dir Disable the cache.
--disable-pip-version-check
Don't periodically check PyPI to determine
whether a new version of pip is available for
download. Implied with --no-index.
--no-color Suppress colored output.
--no-python-version-warning
Silence deprecation warnings for upcoming
unsupported Pythons.
--use-feature <feature> Enable new functionality, that may be backward
incompatible.
--use-deprecated <feature> Enable deprecated functionality, that will be
removed in the future.2.常用命令
2.1 查看版本
$ pip --version
pip 23.1 from D:\base\python\lib\site-packages\pip (python 3.10)
$ pip3 --version
pip 23.1 from D:\base\python\lib\site-packages\pip (python 3.10)2.2 升级 pip 命令
$ pip install --upgrade pip
Requirement already satisfied: pip in d:\base\python\lib\site-packages (23.1)
Collecting pip
WARNING: Retrying (Retry(total=4, connect=None, read=None, redirect=None, status=None)) after connection broken by 'ReadTimeoutError("HTTPSConnectionPool(host='files.pythonhosted.org', port=443): Read timed out. (read timeout=15)")': /packages/50/c2/e06851e8cc28dcad7c155f4753da8833ac06a5c704c109313b8d5a62968a/pip-23.2.1-py3-none-any.whl
Downloading pip-23.2.1-py3-none-any.whl (2.1 MB)
---------------------------------------- 2.1/2.1 MB 12.3 kB/s eta 0:00:00
ERROR: To modify pip, please run the following command:
D:\base\python\python.exe -m pip install --upgrade pip
[notice] A new release of pip is available: 23.1 -> 23.2.1
[notice] To update, run: python.exe -m pip install --upgrade pip2.3 搜索包
C:\Users\LENOVO>pip search ipython
ERROR: XMLRPC request failed [code: -32500]
RuntimeError: PyPI no longer supports 'pip search' (or XML-RPC search). Please use https://pypi.org/search (via a browser) instead. See https://warehouse.pypa.io/api-reference/xml-rpc.html#deprecated-methods for more information.
# 报错的原因是 pip search 似乎不再支持，所以使用 pip_search
C:\Users\LENOVO>pip install pip_search
Requirement already satisfied: pip_search in d:\base\python\lib\site-packages (0.0.12)
Requirement already satisfied: bs4 in d:\base\python\lib\site-packages (from pip_search) (0.0.1)
Requirement already satisfied: requests in d:\base\python\lib\site-packages (from pip_search) (2.22.0)
Requirement already satisfied: rich in d:\base\python\lib\site-packages (from pip_search) (10.2.2)
Requirement already satisfied: beautifulsoup4 in d:\base\python\lib\site-packages (from bs4->pip_search) (4.9.3)
Requirement already satisfied: chardet<3.1.0,>=3.0.2 in d:\base\python\lib\site-packages (from requests->pip_search) (3.0.4)
Requirement already satisfied: idna<2.9,>=2.5 in d:\base\python\lib\site-packages (from requests->pip_search) (2.8)
Requirement already satisfied: urllib3!=1.25.0,!=1.25.1,<1.26,>=1.21.1 in d:\base\python\lib\site-packages (from requests->pip_search) (1.25.11)
Requirement already satisfied: certifi>=2017.4.17 in d:\base\python\lib\site-packages (from requests->pip_search) (2022.12.7)
Requirement already satisfied: colorama<0.5.0,>=0.4.0 in d:\base\python\lib\site-packages (from rich->pip_search) (0.4.6)
Requirement already satisfied: commonmark<0.10.0,>=0.9.0 in d:\base\python\lib\site-packages (from rich->pip_search) (0.9.1)
Requirement already satisfied: pygments<3.0.0,>=2.6.0 in d:\base\python\lib\site-packages (from rich->pip_search) (2.16.1)
Requirement already satisfied: soupsieve>1.2 in d:\base\python\lib\site-packages (from beautifulsoup4->bs4->pip_search) (2.5)
[notice] A new release of pip is available: 23.1 -> 23.2.1
[notice] To update, run: python.exe -m pip install --upgrade pip
# 使用 pip_search 搜索包
C:\Users\LENOVO>pip_search ipython
结果如果下图
2.4 包管理命令
下载
pip instal [包名]pip install -i [国内源地址] [包名]国内源地址
清华大学：https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simple
安装特定版本的包， 通过使用 ==, >=, <=, >, < 来指定一个版本号。
如：
$ pip install matplotlib==3.4.1 $ pip install 'Markdown<2.0' $ pip install 'Markdown>2.0,<2.0.3'卸载
pip uninstall [包名]升级包
升级包到当前最新的版本，可以使用-U 或者 --upgrade
pip install --upgrade [包名]pip install -U [包名]显示包的详细信息
pip show [包名]列出已安装的包
pip list查看需要升级的包
pip list -o列出包的描述信息
pip freeze导出已经安装的包列表，并保存到到本地文件中：
pip freeze > 文件.txtpip freeze > requirements.txt批量安装库
pip install -r [txt文件名]pip install -r requirements.txttxt 文件的格式
netkiller-logging==0.0.4 netkiller-firewall
兼容性检查
pip check package-name